Tourism appears to be an industry that anyone can understand, but in reality it is a very complex subject. Distinction has to be made between Tourism and Travel. For tourism to exist there has to be travel, on the other side, not all travel is related to tourism. There are several definitions of tourism and travel.
UNWTO defines it as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. Tourism is a set of industries related to temporary movement of people from their permanent place of living to any other destination.
The history timeline from 19th century to date
Year |
Event |
1800 |
Richard Trevithick invents high-pressure steam engine |
1801 |
Great Britain and Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom. |
1804 |
First full-scale working railway locomotive |
World population reaches 1 billion |
|
First steam locomotive begins operation |
|
1805 |
The Battle of Trafalgar |
1807 |
The Slave Trade Act 1807 was passed. |
1812 |
Middleton-Leeds Railway |
1816 |
The Elgin Marbles are purchased by the nation from Thomas Bruce |
Ocean Liners with regular services |
|
1819 |
First vessel to cross the Atlantic Ocean partly under steam power |
1822 |
Stevenson builds a locomotive and designs first railway |
1825 |
The Stockton and Darlington world’s first public passenger railway, opened |
1830 |
Liverpool Manchester Railway opens. |
1832 |
Great Reform Act |
1835 |
Samuel Morse develops the Morse code. |
1836 |
John Murray began printing the Handbooks for Travellers |
1837 |
Queen Victoria comes to the throne |
Telegraphy patented. |
|
1838 |
The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 entered into force |
1839–60 |
First and Second Opium Wars |
1840 |
A uniform postage rate of one penny is introduced |
1841 |
Thomas Cook’s first tourist tour |
1842 |
Treaty of Nanking cedes Hong Kong to the British. |
1843 |
Thames Tunnel |
1844 |
P&O first introduced passenger cruising services |
1845 |
Thomas Cook’s first commercial venture |
1845–49 |
The Irish Potato Famine |
1851 |
The Great Exhibition opens at the Crystal Palace, London |
1854 |
London Paddington station opened |
1855 |
Thomas Cook organised his first tours abroad |
1863 |
The first underground train went into operation in London. |
1866 |
Successful transatlantic telegraph cable |
1868 |
Hotel coupon introduced by Thomas Cook |
1869 |
Suez Canal opens, linking the Mediterranean and the Red Sea |
1872 |
First round-the-world tour |
1876 |
Bell and Watson exhibit an electric telephone |
1879 |
First commercial telephone exchange in London and Manchester. |
1880 |
|
1888 |
The Football League |
1894 |
First commercial film release by Jean Aimé Le Roy |
1895 |
First British long-distance motorcar journey from Southampton to Malvern |
1896 |
Olympic Games revived in Athens. |
1897 |
Marconi is awarded a patent for radio communication |
1898 |
Sir Henry Tate donates Tate Gallery to Britain |
Savoy hotel opens |
|
1900 |
The first zeppelin flight occurs |
1901 |
The Aero Club of Great Britain is established |
1903 |
The Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk airplane |
1904 |
Britain and France sign the Entente Cordiale |
1904–14 |
The Panama Canal constructed |
1907 |
Colonel John Capper flies from Farnborough to Crystal Palace in London |
British Hospitality Association founded |
|
1908 |
The Olympic Games are held in London |
1909 |
First airplane flight across the English Channel |
1911 |
The first non-stop flight from London to Paris |
1912 |
Titanic sinks on voyage from Southampton to New York |
1914 |
First scheduled commercial flight using winged aircraft |
1914-18 |
The First World War |
1919 |
The Treaty of Versailles establishes peace in Europe. Sinn Fein Irish Constituent Assembly proclaiming Ireland’s independence Passenger service across the English Channel introduced |
1921 |
Croydon Airport used Air traffic Control |
1922 |
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) established |
1925 |
First working mechanical television system. |
1925 |
Invented a process for frozen food |
1927 |
Charles Lindbergh fly across the Atlantic Ocean |
Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act |
|
1928 |
The first films with audible dialogue are shown in Britain |
First colour television |
|
Oxford English Dictionary published |
|
In Scotland negligence case Donoghue v. Stevenson |
|
1936 |
Butlin’s first holiday camp opens |
1939 |
Imperial Airways and Pan Am commercial transatlantic flight |
Regular flights between London and Europe |
|
1939 -45 |
The Second World War |
1945 |
Holiday camps boom |
1946 |
American Airlines installed the first automated booking system |
1948 |
Britain hosts the Olympic Games in London, dubbed the Austerity Games National Health Service formed The beginning of large scale immigration to Britain from West Indies. |
1950 |
Vladimir Raitz pioneered the first mass package holidays Association of British Travel Agents formed Reservations and bookings initiated |
1951 |
The Festival of Britain |
1952 |
Reign of Queen Elizabeth II begins |
1955 |
Commercial TV started |
1958 |
Gatwick Airport |
1959 |
First motorway, Ml |
1959 |
Department of Transport and Tourism |
Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE) first GDS |
|
1963 |
First geosynchronous communications satellite |
1966 |
England wins the football World Cup |
1968 |
FCO The Foreign and Commonwealth Office established |
Green revolution mentioned first time |
|
1969 |
Concorde makes its maiden flight Development of Tourism Act QE2 made its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York |
English Tourist Board was established |
|
1970 |
ATOL Air Travel Organiser’s Licence introduced |
1971 |
Decimalised currency replaces pounds, shillings and pence |
Budget airlines |
|
Global warming mentioned first time |
|
1972 |
Civil Aviation Authority established |
Origins of internet (DARPA) |
|
1973 |
OPEC oil crisis |
1974 |
Money Back Guarantee scheme introduced |
1976 |
Concorde, first supersonic scheduled passenger flight Association of Independent Tour Operators (AITO) |
Videcom, British Airways, British Caledonian and CCL launched Travicom GDS |
|
United Airlines began offering its Apollo system to travel agents |
|
KLM introduced a Full Fare Facilities (FFF) the Business Class |
|
1980 |
Transport Act |
1981 |
Prince Charles, marries Lady Diana Spencer at St Paul’s Cathedral |
1983 |
PC invented |
1985 |
Holiday homes overseas bought on large scale |
1987 |
London City Airport |
Amadeus GDS |
|
1989 |
Berners-Lee and Cailliau build the prototype of the World Wide Web |
1990 |
WTTC was established |
1991 |
Stanstead Airport opened |
1992 |
Package Travel, Package Holidays and Package Tours Regulations |
1993 |
Introduction and growth of low-cost airlines |
1994 |
The Channel Tunnel opened |
Cloud computing introduced on commercial scale |
|
1996 |
Expedia.com online travel booking site launched |
1997 |
Britain hands Hong Kong back to China |
2000 |
Self-check-in at airports London Eye opened for public |
2001 |
September 11 |
2003 |
First social media website – MySpace is launched |
2004 |
The population of England reached fifty million. |
East Asia tsunami |
|
Facebook is launched |
|
2005 |
London July bombings |
YouTube, the video sharing site is launched |
|
2010 |
Tablet computers introduced |
2011 |
Prince William, marries Kate Middleton at Westminster Abbey |
2012 |
Britain celebrates the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee London hosts the Olympic Games for the third time |
2013 |
UK Government relaxes visa system for Chinese tourists |
2014 |
UK government agrees to review the Air Passenger Duty |
British tourism timeline
Limitations of space preclude a comprehensive discussion about tourism in last two centuries.
Changing socio-economic circumstances
Beginning of the 19th century Britain was involved in wars around the globe, expanding colonies, but also facing difficult socio-economic situation at home. Uprisings, strikes and government hard actions were everyday realities. With Queen Victoria, Britain enters an age of industrialisation, demographic changes, revolution in transport, but also the improvement of social and labour rights, the rise in real income and better quality of life. Britain in Victorian time was most powerful and advanced country on the world. Death of Queen Victoria symbolises the end of an era and end of the British domination in the world, leading to major socio-economic changes and hence UK Travel and Tourism.
First half of 20th century brought huge technology development but also two world wars and lots of destruction. It was followed with decades of Cold War and at same time peaceful and prosperous period. End of the 20th century has had some dramatic historical events, technological innovations, economic, social and cultural changes in the world. These historical changes increased life tempo and tremendously affected the nature of today’s tourism.
There are few technical developments which made a tremendous influence in tourism and travel. Invention of the steam engine allowed building of railways, steamships and faster travel. Development of the plane brought more speed, longer distances and higher service. In 20th century invention of the PC, internet and later World Wide Web made it possible to exchange information in real time. Invention of the GDS initiated with SABRE allowed airlines to communicate with travel agents but also laid foundations for the new products like package holidays, city breaks and business travel. Start of social media websites gave chance to customers to be better informed and choose a product they like. Because of advancement in technology, leisure time and disposable income had increased, leading to mass tourism.
Product development and innovation
In 19th century British tourism travel was limited to occasional scholars and wealthy travellers from the upper class. Only with Thomas Cook and later with Vladimir Raitz (packages) it took off to become available on a larger scale. However, real foundation of the tourism is with The Bank Holiday Act of 1871, which gave an opportunity to working class to take holidays. By 1939, 11 million 30% of the population had paid holidays.
Only after WWII, tourism in Britain becomes a norm and later necessity. It initiated with holiday camps, went through many changes and product developments to today’s mass tourism.
Changing consumer needs, expectations and fashions
Initially, customers had quite basic needs and were satisfied that someone does travel and accommodation arrangements in advance. With the increase of travel, increased competition between travel agents, but also competition between tourist destinations and it brought many new innovative products on the market that as a consequence had changes in consumer needs and expectations. Looking at the timeline we have seen that there have been changes in UK Travel and Tourism markets across the timeline. For example in 2005 consumers avoided package holidays and were using budget airlines. When package holiday market collapsed, it initiated consolidation of the tour operators and introduction of new products and schemes (Dynamic packaging and Money back guarantee). The package holidays had come back in 2009 as the number of flight and holiday companies went bankrupt and customers looked for financial security.
As we could notice exploring the timeline, last two centuries brought many socio-economic changes and technological developments which lead to product development and changing customer needs.
Part 2
CASE STUDY – Montenegro
Introduction
Located in South Europe at the Adriatic coast, with just over a 600,000 people, Montenegro is tenth smallest European country. Nevertheless, it has a long tradition, at the meeting point of different cultural and religious influences and the border of Orthodox East and Catholic West. Today’s Montenegro is a multi-confessional and multi-ethnic environment functioning in perfect harmony.
After disintegration of Yugoslavia, on May 21, 2006, Montenegro restored its independence, becoming an internationally recognised state.
Described as a treasure chest full of wonderful treasures it offers something for everyone. A spectacular nature allows absolute relaxation and recreation, great fun, adrenalin outbursts, competitive and research thrills. From long sandy beaches to kilometres of hiking and biking trails, fast rivers suitable for rafting and kayaking, great ski paths but also untouched landscapes; this is a place of carnivals, concerts, traditional fiestas, theatre played on squares… it enchants with its uniqueness and wild beauty.
Tourism in Montenegro started in the 1960’s. Its ascending path was interrupted by earthquake in 1979, which destroyed and damaged nearly all hotels on the Montenegrin coast. Reconstruction of hotels, completed within next 10 years, was followed by a stable period until the Civil war in 1991. Beginning of the 1990’s is period of stagnation and the process of transition and privatisation of the tourist facilities. In the last decade, most of the old hotels were reconstructed and there is evident positive trend by the increase in tourist visits. Arriving of Aman Resorts was a good catalyst for attracting the major hotel chains and investors.
Montenegro, the Wild beauty, is new tourist destination on the international tourism market and according to WTTC Montenegro is expected to be one of the fastest growing Travel & Tourism economies in the world over the next ten years. It is in the stage of improving tourist product and more radical market repositioning. It has significant economic and social development potentials in the tourism sector as well as development of other complementary activities, such as banking, transport, agriculture, trade, construction etc.
Being a summer destination and due to the tourism structure, Montenegro tourism is dominated by arrivals from neighbouring countries, EU and Russia. With a low demand out of summer season international and low-cost carriers are not interested in developing all year round traffic to Montenegro, Ryanair started from April 2014 and will operate only during summer season. Also, during the peak summer season charter carriers operate large amount of flights to Montenegro.
Big hotel chains entered Montenegro in last few years (Aman Resort, Iberostar, Best Western, Ramada and Hilton), increasing quality of Montenegro hotel accommodation, mostly made of outdated hotels from the socialist era.
Development of Porto Montenegro, a luxury mega-yacht marina makes Montenegro an increasingly important destination for the nautical tourism. Marina is still under construction, but already has supporting facilities, specialist shops and restaurants, luxury apartments, has border crossing status and operates over 250 berths.
Tourism in Montenegro expects, in the medium and long term, quantitative expansion and a qualitative shift to higher quality and prolongation of the season. The hotels in the seaside region generate the highest occupancy with the lower room rate comparing to the other regions. Central region comprised of city hotels is relying on the business guests and higher room rate but lower occupancy rate. Mountain area of Montenegro is comprised of ski and mountain resorts with low occupancy rate but higher profitability.
Although, Montenegrin tourism is expanding, there is lack of cooperation between key tourism providers. Presence of the GDS is significantly small comparing to developed tourist destinations and there is lack of package holidays. In last couple of years tourist offers are becoming richer but are still at low level. For a tourist who wants a carefree holiday, travelling to Montenegro is still too complicated because there is still no “one stop shop” offers. Tourist agencies in Montenegro are putting priority on summer season and selling hotel accommodation, while other products like excursions, short tours, rafting, hiking, winter sports, etc., are side products and are not in the main focus. Moreover, good part of Montenegrin tourist accommodation is still in “grey zone”, is not registered and is left to individuals to market it, sell it and be responsible for its quality. Collaboration of the main tourist and travel providers, national air carrier, airports, hotels and other hospitality organisations is quite basic and unorganized, while large international tourism providers are not very interested because of the market size. For example, if tourist doesn’t show interest, it is unlikely that he would be offered some other tourism product.
Analysing data from National Statistic Office of Montenegro – it can be seen that Montenegrin tourism is expanding, but there is still a lot to be done in improving it. As a destination with so many different products, Montenegro has to focus on product integration and better market approach as well as, improving collaboration of the key providers and training employees in upselling of the other tourism products.
The implication of the government
Montenegrin government is aware of the economic potential of Montenegro tourism and is making efforts to help it grow through implementing various legal and tax opportunities as well as developing Tourism strategy and Master Plan of the development of tourism.
Tourism Master Plan, developed in 2001 and revised in 2008, guides the overall development of tourism until 2020, with emphasis to valorise northern part of Montenegro and develop other forms of tourism in different geographic areas. Its intention is to protect the cultural integrity, respect environment, but also to develop sustainable tourism. To achieve this Montenegrin government made significant steps in attracting foreign investors as well as tourists. Major steps government has done in this direction are:
- Decision to use Euro € as a currency
- Implementing a Flat Tax System (CT 9%, PIT 9%, VAT 17%)
- Implementing Easy Business Start Up (1 EUR + 4 days)
- Becoming EU candidate country
- Coming a step away from NATO membership
- Becoming a member of WTO
- Making free trade agreements with EU, CEFTA, EFTA, Russia, Ukraine and Turkey
Montenegro has the necessary resources for tourism development, however there are significant infrastructure problems such as wastewater treatment, water and electricity supply problems, transport links, etc. Government is addressing these problems through planning and developing infrastructure to fulfil tourism industry needs. Major directions of the government involvement in this field are:
-
Building highway to connect Montenegro with Serbian capital and Central Europe to corridor.
-
Building Adriatic Ionian highway on the south and connecting Montenegro to Italy at north and Greece in the south.
-
Reconstruction of the railway network and building connection with Bosnia and Albania
-
Reconstruction of the Port of Bar
-
Building Regional water supply system
-
Developing wastewater treatment facilities
-
Developing hard waste treatment facilities
-
Improving road infrastructure
Montenegro government is focusing to attract more tourists from developed markets, reduce seasonality and increase average spend but also faces challenge addressing need for trained and skilled staff, as well as trying to balance distribution of accommodation facilities as majority of them are based in coastal region.
The Montenegrin Ministry of Tourism established a set of tourism laws, including regulations on classification and categorisation of accommodation facilities adapted to the European Europe standards. The Ministry introduced a Strategy of Sustainable Mountain Tourism Development and a Wellness Strategy, whilst the Government recently accepted a particular spatial plan for the area of maritime domain of Montenegro. The first private Faculty for higher education in tourism and hotel industry was also established in Bar.
The Ministry of Tourism has recently started two capital informative projects: Satellite Account (TSA) of tourism expenditures with the WTTC and the Montenegrin Hotel Industry Survey according to the USALI system conducted by the Faculty for Tourism, Hospitality and Trade management in Bar and Horwath International, Horwath Consulting Zagreb.
The influence of International agencies and the EU
In years since it declared independence in 2006, Montenegro joined many important international organisations and initiatives, such as:
-
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – Partnership for Peace – 2006
-
EU Stabilisation and Association Agreement – 2007
-
UNWTO – World Tourism Organisation – 2007
-
EU Candidate status – 2012
-
UNESCO – United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
-
WTTC – World Travel & Tourism Council
-
WTO – World Trade Organization
-
CEFTA – Central European Free Trade Agreement
-
EFTA – European Free Trade Association
-
IFATCA – International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers Associations
Membership in this major organisations allowed Montenegro to access international funds and investors, bring international hotel chains, get better position on the European tourist map, integrate in international traffic systems, increase tourist flow and generally improve quality of tourism and travel and make it more competitive on the tourism market.
Since December 2009, citizens of Montenegro don’t need visa to travel to the Schengen area and that made large impact on Montenegrin tourism, more people started travelling abroad but at the same time they started bringing new experiences from developed tourist destinations and making impact on quality of the Montenegrin tourism product.
Old town of Kotor, in the Bay of Boka at the UNESCO world heritage list and became major point for all Mediterranean cruises. Next to join the list is Durmitor national park and possibly two more sites.
Limitation of the space and work count prevent deeper analysing of the international agencies and EU influence on Montenegrin travel and tourism.
Implications of political changes in Montenegro
The travel and tourism industry is susceptible to a wide range of internal and external forces and is impacted heavily by crisis events resulting in negative tourist perceptions.
In the last few decades Montenegro went through significant changes in many aspects. From being part of Yugoslavia to being independent country, from communist to democratic society, from socialist to neoliberal economy, from tourism margins to fastest growing tourism destination.
Mediterranean economies increasingly rely on tourist revenue. Tourism is the main economic activity in Montenegro and tourists are essential for its economic development.
At the beginning of new millennia Montenegrin tourism product was very low. Old fashioned hotels from communist era, poor infrastructure, bad international image, small amount of the skilled workforce and bureaucracy was large barrier to development. Change in the government approach it went to be fastest growing tourist economy in the world. Today Montenegro has luxury hotels, mega-yacht marinas and world class restaurants.
However, several challenges remain to be addressed in following years. Montenegro tourism is focused on sea and sun with effect of seasonality, high dependence on tour operators and international flight connections, and highly competitive Mediterranean tourism market.
The effects on the travel and tourism by the Olympics
It has been nearly two years since the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Given the short period of time it is hard to compare and analyse statistical data, however it summarises evidence that helps us understand the possible economic benefits that London can expect. According to Olympic legacy report, published by the Government and the Mayor’s office, by 2020 the economic impact of the Games will have added over £28 billion to economic output and created over 600,000 years of employment. The net impact of the Games on the tourism industry in the UK during 2012 is estimated to be £890 million, or £598 million if spending on Olympic and Paralympic tickets is excluded, with a number of longer term benefits also expected.
In July, August and September 2012, over 800,000 visitors attended an Olympics-related event, with an estimated spending of over £1 billion. Despite Olympics visitors’ influx, overall visitor numbers were down in this period comparing to same period in 2011. This suggests that disruption, potential overcrowding and price rises had substantial influence on regular visitors. On the other side, Olympics visitors had nearly double average spending compared to a normal visitor and substantial net increase in overseas visitor spend of £235 million as a result.
Moreover, domestic tourism market had a considerable impact by the Olympics. LOCOG estimates that 80 to 85% of the tickets were purchased by UK residents and Great Britain Tourism Survey estimated that the additional contribution was £184 million from domestic overnight visitors and £179 million from domestic day visitors.
Games biggest opportunity is longer-term promotion and increase in visitor numbers because of increased media coverage of the UK and London. A number of research studies completed before the Games predicted that the majority of tourism benefits would come in the post-Games period, including Oxford Economics estimate of a net tourism gain to the UK of £1.24 billion over the period 2007 to 2017, with 79% of this impact accruing from 2013 onwards.
According to ECCO international survey London 2012 was a public relations success for Britain. Learning from this experience, VisitBritain and similar organisations have used Games to initiate marketing campaigns and improve UK presence on social networks as well as improving its image. The on-going GREAT Britain – You’re invited campaign, which has a strong association with the Games, is already driving increases in intention to visit the UK and there are early indications that bookings have already increased as a direct result of the campaign.
Analysing data from VisitBritain’s report “Shifting the deal”, it can be seen that London 2012 had diverse influence on tourism demand and supply. During Olympics, tourism had large increase but hospitality businesses suffered, London hotels had large increase in RevPAR, but the rest of the country less so, pub trade also had significant increase while restaurant business suffered.
Due to very high demand all accommodation prices were increased, in areas near Olympic sites prices went to be even four times higher than hotel rack rate was previously while other areas of London increased prices expecting high demand but had to lower them due to poor interest.
Appendix 1 – Definitions of Tourism and travel
The first definition of tourism was made by Guyer & Feuler in 1905. They defined it as a phenomenon unique to modern time which is dependent on the people’s increasing need for a change and relaxing, the wish of recognizing the beauties of nature and art and the belief that nature gives happiness to human beings and which helps nations and communities’ approaching to each other thanks to the developments in commerce and industry and the communication and transportation tools’ becoming excellent.
Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity.”
In 1976 the Tourism Society of England defined it as “Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes.”
In 1981 International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.
Tourism is a study of man away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs, and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host socio-cultural, economic and physical environment.( Jafari, 1981)
“The sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors” (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1990)
Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater for their needs. (Mathieson and Wall, 1992)
“Tourism embraces so many different notions that it is hardly useful as a term of social science.” (Rojek and Urry, 1997)
“Tourism is the sum of government and private sector activities which shape and serve the needs and manage the consequences of holiday and business travel”. (Pearce, Morrison & Rutledge, 1998)
Tourism is about customers away from home. (Judd and Fainstein, 1999)
Annual indices of tourist arrivals, 2013 |
|||
Arrivals |
Year |
Index |
|
2012 |
2013 |
2013 |
|
2012 |
|||
Total |
1 439 500 |
1 492 006 |
103.6 |
Foreign |
1 264 163 |
1 324 403 |
104.8 |
Domestic |
175 337 |
167 603 |
95.6 |
Collective accommodation |
651 291 |
694 101 |
106.6 |
Individual accommodation |
788 209 |
797 905 |
101.2 |
Appendix 11
Cruises of foreign vessels in Montenegro, 2013 |
|||
|
Number of cruises and passengers |
Indices |
|
2013 |
2012 |
2013 |
|
2012 |
|||
Cruises |
409 |
348 |
117.5 |
Passengers |
314,961 |
244,084 |
129 |
Accommodation capacities, situation as on 31 August 2013. |
|||||
|
Number of accommodation facilities |
Number of rooms |
Total number of beds |
Number of permanent beds |
Number of auxiliary beds |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
333 |
67 078 |
163 149 |
149 025 |
14 124 |
Collective accommodation facilities |
333 |
18 385 |
41 927 |
39 826 |
2 101 |
Hotels |
255 |
12 246 |
27 643 |
25 670 |
1 973 |
Apart hotels |
10 |
303 |
865 |
830 |
35 |
Boarding houses |
15 |
314 |
728 |
716 |
12 |
Motels |
5 |
61 |
110 |
110 |
|
Tourist resorts |
7 |
2 579 |
5 437 |
5 357 |
80 |
Inns |
1 |
10 |
23 |
23 |
0 |
Spa |
1 |
807 |
1 457 |
1 457 |
|
Vacation facilities |
22 |
1 046 |
3 474 |
3 474 |
|
Camping sites |
12 |
972 |
2 012 |
2 011 |
1 |
Hostels |
2 |
12 |
49 |
49 |
|
Individual accommodation facilities |
|
48 693 |
121 222 |
109 199 |
12 023 |
Private rooms |
|
19 257 |
51 955 |
43 958 |
7 997 |
Apartments |
|
615 |
1 490 |
1 320 |
170 |
Private houses |
|
28 821 |
67 777 |
63 921 |
3 856 |
Appendix 12
Arrival of foreign vessels for entertainment, sport or recreation in the internal sea waters of Montenegro, 2013 |
|||||
|
Total |
By sea |
By land |
Total indices |
Structure |
2013 |
|||||
2012 |
|||||
|
(1)=(2)+(3) |
-2 |
-3 |
-1 |
(1) in % |
Total |
3786 |
3192 |
594 |
126.7 |
100.0 |
By flag |
|
|
|
|
|
Albania |
2 |
2 |
0 |
– |
0.1 |
Austria |
135 |
119 |
16 |
82.8 |
3.6 |
France |
96 |
88 |
8 |
102.1 |
2.5 |
Greece |
23 |
21 |
2 |
82.1 |
0.6 |
Croatia |
348 |
346 |
2 |
103.6 |
9.2 |
Netherlands |
66 |
61 |
5 |
153.5 |
1.7 |
Italy |
262 |
250 |
12 |
105.6 |
6.9 |
Germany |
157 |
122 |
35 |
101.3 |
4.1 |
Scandinavian countries |
57 |
48 |
9 |
172.7 |
1.5 |
Slovenia |
41 |
35 |
6 |
117.1 |
1.1 |
Switzerland |
30 |
26 |
4 |
136.4 |
0.8 |
Great Britain |
500 |
463 |
37 |
125.0 |
13.2 |
USA |
607 |
422 |
185 |
129.7 |
16.0 |
Other countries |
1462 |
1189 |
273 |
152.o |
38.6 |
By vessel length |
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 6 m |
404 |
171 |
233 |
119.2 |
10.7 |
From 6 to 8 |
249 |
166 |
83 |
130.4 |
6.6 |
From 8 to 10 |
319 |
252 |
67 |
130.2 |
8.4 |
From 10 to 12 |
693 |
635 |
58 |
133.8 |
18.3 |
From 12 to 15 |
734 |
645 |
89 |
102.1 |
19.4 |
From 15 to 20 |
464 |
433 |
31 |
143.2 |
12.3 |
Over 20 m |
923 |
890 |
33 |
141.8 |
24.4 |
By vessel type |
|
|
|
|
|
Motor yachts |
1993 |
1873 |
120 |
139.4 |
52.6 |
Sailboats |
1079 |
942 |
137 |
102.5 |
28.5 |
Other |
714 |
377 |
337 |
141.7 |
18.9 |
Appendix 13 – Montenegro tourism mind map
- Euro tours
- R-tours
- Alfa tours
- Globtour
- Gulliver
- Subtopic
- Jamb travel
- Mediteran star
- Montenegro Cruising
- MTO
- Pilmon
- Talas
- Gruber
- Thomas Cook
- NECKERMANN
- TUI
- ADRIA – KON TIKI TOURS
- Kompas
- CONCORDE
- R-TOURS
- GLOBTOUR
- THOMSON HOLIDAYS
- ZAGORJE
- Montenegro airlines
- Ryanair
- Austrian Airways
- Transaero
- Air Berlin
- S7 Airlines
- Norwegian
- Adria
- Air Serbia
- Aeroflot
- Sea transport
- Sea Transport
- Ministry of tourism
- National tourist organisation
- Websites
- Tourist regulations
- Publications
- Visa and Passport service
- CHINA MASS MEDIA EXPANSION - 22nd November 2021
- THE GROWING TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CHINA - 6th September 2020
- THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT MAKES TOURISM A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - 6th September 2020