Tourism appears to be an industry that anyone can understand, but in reality it is a very complex subject. Distinction has to be made between Tourism and Travel. For tourism to exist there has to be travel, on the other side, not all travel is related to tourism. There are several definitions of tourism and travel.

UNWTO defines it as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. Tourism is a set of industries related to temporary movement of people from their permanent place of living to any other destination.

The history timeline from 19^th century to date

Year	Event
1800	Richard Trevithick invents high-pressure steam engine
1801	Great Britain and Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom.
1804	First full-scale working railway locomotive
	World population reaches 1 billion
	First steam locomotive begins operation
1805	The Battle of Trafalgar
1807	The Slave Trade Act 1807 was passed.
1812	Middleton-Leeds Railway
1816	The Elgin Marbles are purchased by the nation from Thomas Bruce
	Ocean Liners with regular services
1819	First vessel to cross the Atlantic Ocean partly under steam power
1822	Stevenson builds a locomotive and designs first railway
1825	The Stockton and Darlington world’s first public passenger railway, opened
1830	Liverpool Manchester Railway opens.
1832	Great Reform Act
1835	Samuel Morse develops the Morse code.
1836	John Murray began printing the Handbooks for Travellers
1837	Queen Victoria comes to the throne
	Telegraphy patented.
1838	The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 entered into force
1839–60	First and Second Opium Wars
1840	A uniform postage rate of one penny is introduced
1841	Thomas Cook’s first tourist tour
1842	Treaty of Nanking cedes Hong Kong to the British.
1843	Thames Tunnel
1844	P&O first introduced passenger cruising services
1845	Thomas Cook’s first commercial venture
1845–49	The Irish Potato Famine
1851	The Great Exhibition opens at the Crystal Palace, London
1854	London Paddington station opened
1855	Thomas Cook organised his first tours abroad
1863	The first underground train went into operation in London.
1866	Successful transatlantic telegraph cable
1868	Hotel coupon introduced by Thomas Cook
1869	Suez Canal opens, linking the Mediterranean and the Red Sea
1872	First round-the-world tour
1876	Bell and Watson exhibit an electric telephone
1879	First commercial telephone exchange in London and Manchester.
1880	The Elementary Education Act 1880
1888	The Football League
1894	First commercial film release by Jean Aimé Le Roy
1895	First British long-distance motorcar journey from Southampton to Malvern
1896	Olympic Games revived in Athens.
1897	Marconi is awarded a patent for radio communication
1898	Sir Henry Tate donates Tate Gallery to Britain
	Savoy hotel opens
1900	The first zeppelin flight occurs
1901	The Aero Club of Great Britain is established
1903	The Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk airplane
1904	Britain and France sign the Entente Cordiale
1904–14	The Panama Canal constructed
1907	Colonel John Capper flies from Farnborough to Crystal Palace in London
	British Hospitality Association founded
1908	The Olympic Games are held in London
1909	First airplane flight across the English Channel
1911	The first non-stop flight from London to Paris
1912	Titanic sinks on voyage from Southampton to New York
1914	First scheduled commercial flight using winged aircraft
1914-18	The First World War
1919	The Treaty of Versailles establishes peace in Europe. Sinn Fein Irish Constituent Assembly proclaiming Ireland’s independence Passenger service across the English Channel introduced
1921	Croydon Airport used Air traffic Control
1922	British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) established
1925	First working mechanical television system.
1925	Invented a process for frozen food
1927	Charles Lindbergh fly across the Atlantic Ocean
	Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act
1928	The first films with audible dialogue are shown in Britain
	First colour television
	Oxford English Dictionary published
	In Scotland negligence case Donoghue v. Stevenson
1936	Butlin’s first holiday camp opens
1939	Imperial Airways and Pan Am commercial transatlantic flight
	Regular flights between London and Europe
1939 -45	The Second World War
1945	Holiday camps boom
1946	American Airlines installed the first automated booking system
1948	Britain hosts the Olympic Games in London, dubbed the Austerity Games National Health Service formed The beginning of large scale immigration to Britain from West Indies.
1950	Vladimir Raitz pioneered the first mass package holidays Association of British Travel Agents formed Reservations and bookings initiated
1951	The Festival of Britain
1952	Reign of Queen Elizabeth II begins
1955	Commercial TV started
1958	Gatwick Airport
1959	First motorway, Ml
1959	Department of Transport and Tourism
	Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE) first GDS
1963	First geosynchronous communications satellite
1966	England wins the football World Cup
1968	FCO The Foreign and Commonwealth Office established
	Green revolution mentioned first time
1969	Concorde makes its maiden flight Development of Tourism Act QE2 made its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York
	English Tourist Board was established
1970	ATOL Air Travel Organiser’s Licence introduced
1971	Decimalised currency replaces pounds, shillings and pence
	Budget airlines
	Global warming mentioned first time
1972	Civil Aviation Authority established
	Origins of internet (DARPA)
1973	OPEC oil crisis
1974	Money Back Guarantee scheme introduced
1976	Concorde, first supersonic scheduled passenger flight Association of Independent Tour Operators (AITO)
	Videcom, British Airways, British Caledonian and CCL launched Travicom GDS
	United Airlines began offering its Apollo system to travel agents
	KLM introduced a Full Fare Facilities (FFF) the Business Class
1980	Transport Act
1981	Prince Charles, marries Lady Diana Spencer at St Paul’s Cathedral
1983	PC invented
1985	Holiday homes overseas bought on large scale
1987	London City Airport
	Amadeus GDS
1989	Berners-Lee and Cailliau build the prototype of the World Wide Web
1990	WTTC was established
1991	Stanstead Airport opened
1992	Package Travel, Package Holidays and Package Tours Regulations
1993	Introduction and growth of low-cost airlines
1994	The Channel Tunnel opened
	Cloud computing introduced on commercial scale
1996	Expedia.com online travel booking site launched
1997	Britain hands Hong Kong back to China
2000	Self-check-in at airports London Eye opened for public
2001	September 11
2003	First social media website – MySpace is launched
2004	The population of England reached fifty million.
	East Asia tsunami
	Facebook is launched
2005	London July bombings
	YouTube, the video sharing site is launched
2010	Tablet computers introduced
2011	Prince William, marries Kate Middleton at Westminster Abbey
2012	Britain celebrates the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee London hosts the Olympic Games for the third time
2013	UK Government relaxes visa system for Chinese tourists
2014	UK government agrees to review the Air Passenger Duty

British tourism timeline

Limitations of space preclude a comprehensive discussion about tourism in last two centuries.

Changing socio-economic circumstances

Beginning of the 19th century Britain was involved in wars around the globe, expanding colonies, but also facing difficult socio-economic situation at home. Uprisings, strikes and government hard actions were everyday realities. With Queen Victoria, Britain enters an age of industrialisation, demographic changes, revolution in transport, but also the improvement of social and labour rights, the rise in real income and better quality of life. Britain in Victorian time was most powerful and advanced country on the world. Death of Queen Victoria symbolises the end of an era and end of the British domination in the world, leading to major socio-economic changes and hence UK Travel and Tourism.

First half of 20th century brought huge technology development but also two world wars and lots of destruction. It was followed with decades of Cold War and at same time peaceful and prosperous period. End of the 20th century has had some dramatic historical events, technological innovations, economic, social and cultural changes in the world. These historical changes increased life tempo and tremendously affected the nature of today’s tourism.

Technological developments

There are few technical developments which made a tremendous influence in tourism and travel. Invention of the steam engine allowed building of railways, steamships and faster travel. Development of the plane brought more speed, longer distances and higher service. In 20th century invention of the PC, internet and later World Wide Web made it possible to exchange information in real time. Invention of the GDS initiated with SABRE allowed airlines to communicate with travel agents but also laid foundations for the new products like package holidays, city breaks and business travel. Start of social media websites gave chance to customers to be better informed and choose a product they like. Because of advancement in technology, leisure time and disposable income had increased, leading to mass tourism.

Product development and innovation

In 19th century British tourism travel was limited to occasional scholars and wealthy travellers from the upper class. Only with Thomas Cook and later with Vladimir Raitz (packages) it took off to become available on a larger scale. However, real foundation of the tourism is with The Bank Holiday Act of 1871, which gave an opportunity to working class to take holidays. By 1939, 11 million 30% of the population had paid holidays.

Only after WWII, tourism in Britain becomes a norm and later necessity. It initiated with holiday camps, went through many changes and product developments to today’s mass tourism.

Changing consumer *needs**, expectations* and fashions

Initially, customers had quite basic needs and were satisfied that someone does travel and accommodation arrangements in advance. With the increase of travel, increased competition between travel agents, but also competition between tourist destinations and it brought many new innovative products on the market that as a consequence had changes in consumer needs and expectations. Looking at the timeline we have seen that there have been changes in UK Travel and Tourism markets across the timeline. For example in 2005 consumers avoided package holidays and were using budget airlines. When package holiday market collapsed, it initiated consolidation of the tour operators and introduction of new products and schemes (Dynamic packaging and Money back guarantee). The package holidays had come back in 2009 as the number of flight and holiday companies went bankrupt and customers looked for financial security.

As we could notice exploring the timeline, last two centuries brought many socio-economic changes and technological developments which lead to product development and changing customer needs.

Part 2

CASE STUDY – Montenegro

Introduction

Located in South Europe at the Adriatic coast, with just over a 600,000 people, Montenegro is tenth smallest European country. Nevertheless, it has a long tradition, at the meeting point of different cultural and religious influences and the border of Orthodox East and Catholic West. Today’s Montenegro is a multi-confessional and multi-ethnic environment functioning in perfect harmony.

After disintegration of Yugoslavia, on May 21, 2006, Montenegro restored its independence, becoming an internationally recognised state.

Described as a treasure chest full of wonderful treasures it offers something for everyone. A spectacular nature allows absolute relaxation and recreation, great fun, adrenalin outbursts, competitive and research thrills. From long sandy beaches to kilometres of hiking and biking trails, fast rivers suitable for rafting and kayaking, great ski paths but also untouched landscapes; this is a place of carnivals, concerts, traditional fiestas, theatre played on squares… it enchants with its uniqueness and wild beauty.

Tourism in Montenegro started in the 1960’s. Its ascending path was interrupted by earthquake in 1979, which destroyed and damaged nearly all hotels on the Montenegrin coast. Reconstruction of hotels, completed within next 10 years, was followed by a stable period until the Civil war in 1991. Beginning of the 1990’s is period of stagnation and the process of transition and privatisation of the tourist facilities. In the last decade, most of the old hotels were reconstructed and there is evident positive trend by the increase in tourist visits. Arriving of Aman Resorts was a good catalyst for attracting the major hotel chains and investors.

Montenegro, the Wild beauty, is new tourist destination on the international tourism market and according to WTTC Montenegro is expected to be one of the fastest growing Travel & Tourism economies in the world over the next ten years. It is in the stage of improving tourist product and more radical market repositioning. It has significant economic and social development potentials in the tourism sector as well as development of other complementary activities, such as banking, transport, agriculture, trade, construction etc.

Being a summer destination and due to the tourism structure, Montenegro tourism is dominated by arrivals from neighbouring countries, EU and Russia. With a low demand out of summer season international and low-cost carriers are not interested in developing all year round traffic to Montenegro, Ryanair started from April 2014 and will operate only during summer season. Also, during the peak summer season charter carriers operate large amount of flights to Montenegro.

Big hotel chains entered Montenegro in last few years (Aman Resort, Iberostar, Best Western, Ramada and Hilton), increasing quality of Montenegro hotel accommodation, mostly made of outdated hotels from the socialist era.

Development of Porto Montenegro, a luxury mega-yacht marina makes Montenegro an increasingly important destination for the nautical tourism. Marina is still under construction, but already has supporting facilities, specialist shops and restaurants, luxury apartments, has border crossing status and operates over 250 berths.

Tourism in Montenegro expects, in the medium and long term, quantitative expansion and a qualitative shift to higher quality and prolongation of the season. The hotels in the seaside region generate the highest occupancy with the lower room rate comparing to the other regions. Central region comprised of city hotels is relying on the business guests and higher room rate but lower occupancy rate. Mountain area of Montenegro is comprised of ski and mountain resorts with low occupancy rate but higher profitability.

Although, Montenegrin tourism is expanding, there is lack of cooperation between key tourism providers. Presence of the GDS is significantly small comparing to developed tourist destinations and there is lack of package holidays. In last couple of years tourist offers are becoming richer but are still at low level. For a tourist who wants a carefree holiday, travelling to Montenegro is still too complicated because there is still no “one stop shop” offers. Tourist agencies in Montenegro are putting priority on summer season and selling hotel accommodation, while other products like excursions, short tours, rafting, hiking, winter sports, etc., are side products and are not in the main focus. Moreover, good part of Montenegrin tourist accommodation is still in “grey zone”, is not registered and is left to individuals to market it, sell it and be responsible for its quality. Collaboration of the main tourist and travel providers, national air carrier, airports, hotels and other hospitality organisations is quite basic and unorganized, while large international tourism providers are not very interested because of the market size. For example, if tourist doesn’t show interest, it is unlikely that he would be offered some other tourism product.

Analysing data from National Statistic Office of Montenegro – it can be seen that Montenegrin tourism is expanding, but there is still a lot to be done in improving it. As a destination with so many different products, Montenegro has to focus on product integration and better market approach as well as, improving collaboration of the key providers and training employees in upselling of the other tourism products.

The implication of the government

Montenegrin government is aware of the economic potential of Montenegro tourism and is making efforts to help it grow through implementing various legal and tax opportunities as well as developing Tourism strategy and Master Plan of the development of tourism.

Tourism Master Plan, developed in 2001 and revised in 2008, guides the overall development of tourism until 2020, with emphasis to valorise northern part of Montenegro and develop other forms of tourism in different geographic areas. Its intention is to protect the cultural integrity, respect environment, but also to develop sustainable tourism. To achieve this Montenegrin government made significant steps in attracting foreign investors as well as tourists. Major steps government has done in this direction are:

Decision to use Euro € as a currency
Implementing a Flat Tax System (CT 9%, PIT 9%, VAT 17%)
Implementing Easy Business Start Up (1 EUR + 4 days)
Becoming EU candidate country
Coming a step away from NATO membership
Becoming a member of WTO
Making free trade agreements with EU, CEFTA, EFTA, Russia, Ukraine and Turkey

Montenegro has the necessary resources for tourism development, however there are significant infrastructure problems such as wastewater treatment, water and electricity supply problems, transport links, etc. Government is addressing these problems through planning and developing infrastructure to fulfil tourism industry needs. Major directions of the government involvement in this field are:

Building highway to connect Montenegro with Serbian capital and Central Europe to corridor.
Building Adriatic Ionian highway on the south and connecting Montenegro to Italy at north and Greece in the south.
Reconstruction of the railway network and building connection with Bosnia and Albania
Reconstruction of the Port of Bar
Building Regional water supply system
Developing wastewater treatment facilities
Developing hard waste treatment facilities
Improving road infrastructure

Montenegro government is focusing to attract more tourists from developed markets, reduce seasonality and increase average spend but also faces challenge addressing need for trained and skilled staff, as well as trying to balance distribution of accommodation facilities as majority of them are based in coastal region.

The Montenegrin Ministry of Tourism established a set of tourism laws, including regulations on classification and categorisation of accommodation facilities adapted to the European Europe standards. The Ministry introduced a Strategy of Sustainable Mountain Tourism Development and a Wellness Strategy, whilst the Government recently accepted a particular spatial plan for the area of maritime domain of Montenegro. The first private Faculty for higher education in tourism and hotel industry was also established in Bar.

The Ministry of Tourism has recently started two capital informative projects: Satellite Account (TSA) of tourism expenditures with the WTTC and the Montenegrin Hotel Industry Survey according to the USALI system conducted by the Faculty for Tourism, Hospitality and Trade management in Bar and Horwath International, Horwath Consulting Zagreb.

The influence of International agencies and the EU

In years since it declared independence in 2006, Montenegro joined many important international organisations and initiatives, such as:

NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – Partnership for Peace – 2006
EU Stabilisation and Association Agreement – 2007
UNWTO – World Tourism Organisation – 2007
EU Candidate status – 2012
UNESCO – United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
WTTC – World Travel & Tourism Council
WTO – World Trade Organization
CEFTA – Central European Free Trade Agreement
EFTA – European Free Trade Association
IFATCA – International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers Associations

Membership in this major organisations allowed Montenegro to access international funds and investors, bring international hotel chains, get better position on the European tourist map, integrate in international traffic systems, increase tourist flow and generally improve quality of tourism and travel and make it more competitive on the tourism market.

Since December 2009, citizens of Montenegro don’t need visa to travel to the Schengen area and that made large impact on Montenegrin tourism, more people started travelling abroad but at the same time they started bringing new experiences from developed tourist destinations and making impact on quality of the Montenegrin tourism product.

Old town of Kotor, in the Bay of Boka at the UNESCO world heritage list and became major point for all Mediterranean cruises. Next to join the list is Durmitor national park and possibly two more sites.

Limitation of the space and work count prevent deeper analysing of the international agencies and EU influence on Montenegrin travel and tourism.

Implications of political changes in Montenegro

The travel and tourism industry is susceptible to a wide range of internal and external forces and is impacted heavily by crisis events resulting in negative tourist perceptions.

In the last few decades Montenegro went through significant changes in many aspects. From being part of Yugoslavia to being independent country, from communist to democratic society, from socialist to neoliberal economy, from tourism margins to fastest growing tourism destination.

Mediterranean economies increasingly rely on tourist revenue. Tourism is the main economic activity in Montenegro and tourists are essential for its economic development.

At the beginning of new millennia Montenegrin tourism product was very low. Old fashioned hotels from communist era, poor infrastructure, bad international image, small amount of the skilled workforce and bureaucracy was large barrier to development. Change in the government approach it went to be fastest growing tourist economy in the world. Today Montenegro has luxury hotels, mega-yacht marinas and world class restaurants.

However, several challenges remain to be addressed in following years. Montenegro tourism is focused on sea and sun with effect of seasonality, high dependence on tour operators and international flight connections, and highly competitive Mediterranean tourism market.

The effects on the travel and tourism by the Olympics

It has been nearly two years since the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Given the short period of time it is hard to compare and analyse statistical data, however it summarises evidence that helps us understand the possible economic benefits that London can expect. According to Olympic legacy report, published by the Government and the Mayor’s office, by 2020 the economic impact of the Games will have added over £28 billion to economic output and created over 600,000 years of employment. The net impact of the Games on the tourism industry in the UK during 2012 is estimated to be £890 million, or £598 million if spending on Olympic and Paralympic tickets is excluded, with a number of longer term benefits also expected.

In July, August and September 2012, over 800,000 visitors attended an Olympics-related event, with an estimated spending of over £1 billion. Despite Olympics visitors’ influx, overall visitor numbers were down in this period comparing to same period in 2011. This suggests that disruption, potential overcrowding and price rises had substantial influence on regular visitors. On the other side, Olympics visitors had nearly double average spending compared to a normal visitor and substantial net increase in overseas visitor spend of £235 million as a result.

Moreover, domestic tourism market had a considerable impact by the Olympics. LOCOG estimates that 80 to 85% of the tickets were purchased by UK residents and Great Britain Tourism Survey estimated that the additional contribution was £184 million from domestic overnight visitors and £179 million from domestic day visitors.

Games biggest opportunity is longer-term promotion and increase in visitor numbers because of increased media coverage of the UK and London. A number of research studies completed before the Games predicted that the majority of tourism benefits would come in the post-Games period, including Oxford Economics estimate of a net tourism gain to the UK of £1.24 billion over the period 2007 to 2017, with 79% of this impact accruing from 2013 onwards.

According to ECCO international survey London 2012 was a public relations success for Britain. Learning from this experience, VisitBritain and similar organisations have used Games to initiate marketing campaigns and improve UK presence on social networks as well as improving its image. The on-going GREAT Britain – You’re invited campaign, which has a strong association with the Games, is already driving increases in intention to visit the UK and there are early indications that bookings have already increased as a direct result of the campaign.

Analysing data from VisitBritain’s report “Shifting the deal”, it can be seen that London 2012 had diverse influence on tourism demand and supply. During Olympics, tourism had large increase but hospitality businesses suffered, London hotels had large increase in RevPAR, but the rest of the country less so, pub trade also had significant increase while restaurant business suffered.

Due to very high demand all accommodation prices were increased, in areas near Olympic sites prices went to be even four times higher than hotel rack rate was previously while other areas of London increased prices expecting high demand but had to lower them due to poor interest.

Appendix 1 – Definitions of Tourism and travel

The first definition of tourism was made by Guyer & Feuler in 1905. They defined it as a phenomenon unique to modern time which is dependent on the people’s increasing need for a change and relaxing, the wish of recognizing the beauties of nature and art and the belief that nature gives happiness to human beings and which helps nations and communities’ approaching to each other thanks to the developments in commerce and industry and the communication and transportation tools’ becoming excellent.

Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity.”

In 1976 the Tourism Society of England defined it as “Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes.”

In 1981 International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.

Tourism is a study of man away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs, and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host socio-cultural, economic and physical environment.( Jafari, 1981)

“The sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors” (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1990)

Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater for their needs. (Mathieson and Wall, 1992)

“Tourism embraces so many different notions that it is hardly useful as a term of social science.” (Rojek and Urry, 1997)

“Tourism is the sum of government and private sector activities which shape and serve the needs and manage the consequences of holiday and business travel”. (Pearce, Morrison & Rutledge, 1998)

Tourism is about customers away from home. (Judd and Fainstein, 1999)

Annual indices of tourist arrivals, 2013
Arrivals	Year		Index
	2012	2013	2013
	2012	2013	2012
Total	1 439 500	1 492 006	103.6
Foreign	1 264 163	1 324 403	104.8
Domestic	175 337	167 603	95.6
Collective accommodation	651 291	694 101	106.6
Individual accommodation	788 209	797 905	101.2

Appendix 11

Cruises of foreign vessels in Montenegro, 2013
	Number of cruises and passengers		Indices
	2013	2012	2013
	2013	2012	2012
Cruises	409	348	117.5
Passengers	314,961	244,084	129

Accommodation capacities, situation as on 31 August 2013.
	Number of accommodation facilities	Number of rooms	Total number of beds	Number of permanent beds	Number of auxiliary beds

Total	333	67 078	163 149	149 025	14 124
Collective accommodation facilities	333	18 385	41 927	39 826	2 101
Hotels	255	12 246	27 643	25 670	1 973
Apart hotels	10	303	865	830	35
Boarding houses	15	314	728	716	12
Motels	5	61	110	110
Tourist resorts	7	2 579	5 437	5 357	80
Inns	1	10	23	23	0
Spa	1	807	1 457	1 457
Vacation facilities	22	1 046	3 474	3 474
Camping sites	12	972	2 012	2 011	1
Hostels	2	12	49	49
Individual accommodation facilities		48 693	121 222	109 199	12 023
Private rooms		19 257	51 955	43 958	7 997
Apartments		615	1 490	1 320	170
Private houses		28 821	67 777	63 921	3 856

Appendix 12

Arrival of foreign vessels for entertainment, sport or recreation in the internal sea waters of Montenegro, 2013
	Total	By sea	By land	Total indices	Structure
				2013
				2012
	(1)=(2)+(3)	-2	-3	-1	(1) in %
Total	3786	3192	594	126.7	100.0
By flag
Albania	2	2	0	–	0.1
Austria	135	119	16	82.8	3.6
France	96	88	8	102.1	2.5
Greece	23	21	2	82.1	0.6
Croatia	348	346	2	103.6	9.2
Netherlands	66	61	5	153.5	1.7
Italy	262	250	12	105.6	6.9
Germany	157	122	35	101.3	4.1
Scandinavian countries	57	48	9	172.7	1.5
Slovenia	41	35	6	117.1	1.1
Switzerland	30	26	4	136.4	0.8
Great Britain	500	463	37	125.0	13.2
USA	607	422	185	129.7	16.0
Other countries	1462	1189	273	152.o	38.6
By vessel length
Up to 6 m	404	171	233	119.2	10.7
From 6 to 8	249	166	83	130.4	6.6
From 8 to 10	319	252	67	130.2	8.4
From 10 to 12	693	635	58	133.8	18.3
From 12 to 15	734	645	89	102.1	19.4
From 15 to 20	464	433	31	143.2	12.3
Over 20 m	923	890	33	141.8	24.4
By vessel type
Motor yachts	1993	1873	120	139.4	52.6
Sailboats	1079	942	137	102.5	28.5
Other	714	377	337	141.7	18.9